Triggering Li-ion Battery Cells with Laser Radiation
Power Generation and Storage
Triggering Li-ion Battery Cells with Laser Radiation (MSC-TOPS-99)
Non-invasive method precisely triggers thermal runaway
Overview
Innovators at NASA Johnson Space Center have developed a high-powered infrared (IR) laser that can trigger Li-ion battery cells into thermal runaway (TR) without perforating the battery’s can wall like previous methods. Inducing TR in a battery cell allows engineers to test and improve the safety performance of overheated batteries that can potentially catch fire or explode. The primary advantage of this method is the heat energy delivered by the laser can be localized to the exact target spot on the battery cell minimizing thermal biasing to adjacent cells. This laser method does not require any internal modification of the test subject cell design nor require patch heating to trigger a short-circuit. Triggering Li-ion Cells with Laser Radiation could work on any commercial battery cell design with only exterior surface treatment required, which can be done by the user.
The Technology
This technology is based upon a 120-watt IR laser is coupled to a fiber optic cable that is routed from the output of the laser into a series of focusing optics which directs energy onto a battery cell mounted to a test stand. When activated, heat from the laser penetrates the metal housing, heating the internals of the cell. At a specific temperature, the separator in the first few layers of the cell melts allowing the anode and cathode to make contact and initiates an internal short circuit. The internal short circuit then propagates throughout the battery eventually causing thermal runaway. The lower the wavelength of the laser used to produce the thermal runaway, the more heat-energy will be absorbed into the cell producing a faster result. The fiber optic cable can be terminated into a series of optics to focus the laser at a specific target, or the fiber optic cable can be stripped bare and placed next to the target to heat an isolated location. This method can also be used on a wide variety of cells, including Li-ion pouch cells, Li-ion cylindrical cells and Li-ion Large format cells.
The innovation Triggering Li-ion Cells with Laser Radiation is at TRL 6 (which means a system/subsystem prototype has been demonstrated in a relevant environment) and the related patent application is now available to license and develop into a commercial product. Please note that NASA does not manufacture products itself for commercial sale.
Benefits
- No internal modifications required to the test cell
- Helps determine response to localized internal short circuit that resembles defect-induced catastrophic field failures
- Method easily replicated by battery developers for battery safety verification tests
- IR laser method can test battery assemblies with minimal thermal biasing to adjacent cells
Applications
- All human-occupied vehicular transport applications that require a high level of rigor in determining margins of safety (automotive, aircraft, sea vessels, spacecraft)
Technology Details
Power Generation and Storage
MSC-TOPS-99
MSC-26647-1
MSC-26647-2
Similar Results
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Li-ion batteries are an integral part of energy storage systems used in NASA's Exploration program, as well as many modern terrestrial industries. Innovators at the NASA Johnson Space Center wanted a better way to measure total and fractional heat response of specific types of Li-ion cells when driven into a thermal runaway condition. They developed a calorimeter with at least two chambers, one for the battery cell under test and at least one other chamber for receiving the thermal runaway ejecta debris. Both are designed to be structurally strong and thermally insulated. When the test cell is intentionally driven into thermal runaway, ejecta explodes into the ejecta chamber and is decelerated and collected. Thermal sensors are strategically placed throughout the chambers to collect thermal data during the test. Customized software analyzes the thermal data and determines key calorimeter parameters with a high degree of accuracy.
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This jointly developed and patented technology is available for your company to license and develop into a commercial product. NASA does not manufacture products for commercial sale.
Carbon Fiber Sleeve Tempers Battery Thermal Runaway
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Nail Penetration Adapter for
Li-Ion Battery Testing
NASA’s pneumatic nail penetration trigger system embodies a fast and consistent nail penetration and retraction tool that tests battery cells within various steel and mylar enclosures. It is operated remotely with electric power and shop air pressure inputs. The trigger system is controlled by a solenoid valve and drives a nail to a set distance at 100 m/s for a precise and repeatable penetration injury to a battery cell.
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Portable Compact Thermionic Power Cell
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